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Business & Society
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Article

Nongovernmental Organizations in Business and Society, Management, and International Business Research: Review and Implications From 1998 to 2007

Arno Kourula1* and Salla Laasonen2

1 Helsinki School of Economics
2 Turku School of Economics

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: arno.kourula{at}hse.fi.


  Abstract
This review shows how the relationship between nongovernmental organizations (NgOs) and businesses has been examined in business and society, management, and international business (IB) literatures. altogether 88 relevant studies have been identified through the analysis of article abstracts from 11 leading journals in these fields. The articles have been classified into three categories according to their focus: NgO–business interface, NgO–business– government interface, and NgOs as one of many corporate stakeholders. Six main themes are identified: (a) activism and NgO influence, (b) dyadic partnership (NgO–business), (c) cross-sector partnership (NgO–business– government), (d) global governance and standardization, (e) national-level governance, and (f) stakeholder management. The state of the research topic is assessed, and implications and avenues for further research are provided.

First published on October 12, 2009
Business & Society 2009, doi:10.1177/0007650309345282
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